Karan Veer*
It is predicted that by 2050, the rapid increase in population and concurrent urbanisation will deplete clean water supplies. Domestic wastewater (DWW) contains inorganic and organic constituents that are toxic to aquatic organisms. Traditional remediation methods (physical, chemical and biological) can be used on-site or off-site to purify polluted domestic water (activated sludge, built-wetlands, stabilisation ponds, trickling filters and membrane bioreactors) and each has advantages and disadvantages. Biosorption of toxic chemicals and nutrients by microorganisms, bacteria (microbe-mediated remediation), fungi (mycoremediation) and algae (phycoremediation) has shown promising results. The type of waste, its concentration, heterogeneity level and the percentage of clean-up required, as well as the feasibility of the clean-up technique and its efficiency, practicability, operational difficulties, environmental impact and treatment costs, are all factors to consider.
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