Livanos Eleni*
Urbanization is a pervasive phenomenon transforming landscapes and ecosystems globally. Its influence extends beyond city boundaries, affecting surrounding rural and natural areas. Understanding the spatial spillover effects of urbanization on ecosystem services is critical, particularly when considering varying altitudes. Altitude gradients introduce unique ecological dynamics and challenges, influencing how urbanization impacts ecosystem services. This paper examines how urbanization affects ecosystem services across different altitudes, exploring the mechanisms and consequences of these spatial spillover effects.
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