艺术与社会科学杂志

This study investigates culture-specific discourse based politeness principles in the multicultural society of Ethiopia. Ethiopia is a land of diversity where many ethnic, religious, linguistic, and cultural groups of different kinds co-exist. There are many languages spoken in the country. Different cultures are exhibited through ways of dressings, living, eating and day-to-day activities. Politeness rules or principles are seen to be language and culturespecific rather than universal. The study was based on semiotic items not only speech acts but also other larger units. Data were collected from different cultural performances such as rituals, sayings, non-linguistic signs, texts and talks or discourse. This study investigates how politeness norms are explained more by local-cultural rules than by universal theories of politeness and investigates the problematic cases with different traditional values, social structures, and cultural ideologies embodied in language and non-language communication resources. The result of the study reveals politeness is culture-dependent. What is polite to one culture might be embarrassing or upsetting to others. Norms of politeness vary across cultures. Politeness norm assumes that everyone wants to save face. Politeness is not expressed through language only but also through other semiotic resources. Politeness appears on the continuum of negative face - the desire to avoid imposition and positive face - the desire to be appreciated. The Ethiopian speech communities employ both positive and negative politeness norms. There is a slight inclination to negative politeness, but great deals of positive strategies are also used.

Most studies in social issues in this age of hyper-imperialism which is globalization or neo-liberalism see such phenomena from the point of view of eclecticism. In other words, they see issues one-sidedly neglecting their interconnections and their concatenations which dialectics always bring out in very clear focus. The same is very true of youth crisis resulting from youth bulge locally and internationally. In such partial focus on issues, clues to crises generating dynamics are papered over which have been the case of youth crises in Nigeria, Africa, the Third World and beyond. As a result of the lack of fundamentals in the analysis of youth crises or bulge the task of conventional policing becomes increasingly difficult if not impossible. Youth bulge is a product of global underdevelopment. It is the product of collaboration between the local agents of neo-liberalism (in this case Nigerian rentier or comprador bourgeoisie) and their international mentors, the advanced capitalist bourgeoisie of Europe, North America and Japan. It is a product of relative over population, relative to means of employment generated by the system, and not to the means of subsistence. The youth crises is equally a product of an abnormal state that has deviated from the dynamics of classical state formation based on the internal emergence of a dominant class but which structures in Nigeria have been attenuated by the external imposition of the state strengthening its abnormalities. It has created vampire-victim relations making Nigeria, Africa and indeed the Third World the victim of imperialism or the vampire. This study has found out that superfluous population is a creation of the type of a global political economy which has resulted in youth bulges here and there. It is a product of global criminal political economy of neo-liberalism. This economy of globalization has removed the state world-wide from social provisioning hindering the welfare state. In this process, the unemployed becomes criminalized making the task of conventional policing increasingly difficult.

The dilapidation state of the Nigeria prisons demonstrates a condition that cannot guarantee the reformatory process of the inmates. This can be attributed to the disregard for the welfare of the inmates and failure to implement the prison reforms recommendations. The paper examined the effectiveness of prisons reforms on the welfare of inmates in Ado Ekiti and Olokuta prisons in Ekiti and Ondo States respectively. The study employed a descriptive survey research design with the use of a structured questionnaire to obtain information from the inmates. Multi stage sampling technique was adopted to select the respondents (inmates) from the two prisons. Data for this study were analysed using descriptive statistics and chi square to test the hypothesis formulated for the study. The study revealed that poor administration of the criminal justice systems and unethical practices of the Nigeria police force in Nigeria resulting to high number of inmates awaiting trials are the major causes of overcrowding of the prisons. Therefore, overcrowding constitute a major threat to the welfare of the inmates. In addition the study revealed that prison reforms have a significant impact on the welfare of the inmates in Ado Ekiti and Olokuta. The study recommended government intervention in the implementation of the previously recommended prison reforms, constant supervision of the prisons by the Minister of interior and allocation of funds for provision of infrastructure to cater for the needs of the Nigeria Prison Service.

Study Objective: The aim of the study was to identify in depth the role of baby caretakers to sustain breastfeeding among working mothers who express breast milk. Methodology: A qualitative study using grounded theory was conducted from 15 April 2011 to 31 July 2011, among a sampling pool of working women recruited in an earlier study done in the district of Kuala Langat in 2010. Mothers who met the inclusion criteria of being working mothers, expressed breast milk at work, and who exclusively or predominantly breastfeed up to four month were recruited. A theoretical sampling method was applied and the data collection technique was in depth interview. The interview was audio taped and transcribed verbatim. The transcribed data were analyzed via thematic analysis using Nvivo 9. Results: A total of 15 mothers were interviewed and two major themes of facilitating factors related to baby caretaker were identified, which were i) Preparation for the mother's absence including the mother’s learning to express breast milk, training the baby to accept expressed breast milk and training the baby's carer the right way to give expressed breast milk, ii) support provided by the baby caretaker such as feeding the baby with expressed breast milk. Conclusion: Supportive employers and working environment, as well as baby caretaker assistance play the important role in sustaining breastfeeding among working mothers.

This paper has focused the demonstration of the two great American writers, Ernest Hemingway and F. Scot Fitzgerald’s experience with their own health problems, influence on their life and writing. Hemingway’s weakening physical condition and increasing severe mental problems that were bipolar disorder, alcohol dependence, traumatic brain injury, and probable border line and narcissistic personality traits considerably reduced his fictional creation in the final years of his lifetime. Fitzgerald spent more than a decade of his later career, writing about illness while he struggled with tuberculosis, insomnia, alcoholism and heart disease as well as the mental illness of his wife Zelda with studying of Fitzgerald's analysis of his own life, from his stories, we are able to bring together the ineffaceable connection between personal suffering and the need for expression, between illness and identity, between writing and healing. As a result, Fitzgerald's donations to the canon of illness literature are noteworthy and as is characteristic of his career-credit for these contributions is overdue.

Panchayati Raj plays an important role at grass-root level in Indian democracy. In Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj was enacted in Act of 1989 before four years of Panchayati Raj Amendment Act of 73rd of Indian union in 1993. Under this Act the first Panchayat election was held after a gap of 12 years in 2001 was not successful due to armed conflict. Recently in 2011 Panchayat election was held in J&K is successful compared to last Panchayat Elections. In present study various challenges are discussed before Panchayati Raj in Jammu and Kashmir.

The main objective of this text is to tell the story of the philosophy of an image, a story of the relationship between a technical image and its exterior, figuration of the struggle between the analogue nature of the human body and the digital nature of the computer code, grasped through philosophical interpretation of technical images. The notion of a technical image – is a dominant cognitive metaphor and simultaneously a hegemonic rhetorical figure through which we adapt our bodies to the digital space. In the creation, storage, selection and distribution of technical images, we ritualize inner acceptance and mastery of the laws of numerical structuring of the human analogue body. The reality is disappearing in favor of hyper reality.

Road failure, as one of the major problems of urban transport operations and planning, has become an issue of national concern over the years. This omen has caused severe loss of man-hours, financial resources, loss of lives, transit discomfort, to mention but a few. Thus, this study aimed at exploring and analyzing the carrying capacities of Lagos roads. Its focus was to critically examine pavement classifications, with respect to the design traffic of the corridors chosen as the case study. The study paid attention to the composition of the traffic volumes, existence and effectiveness of load tonnage standards as well as the damage effects of overloading on the life span of the roads. The methodology involved a combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques. The findings revealed that the corridors examined had exceeded their design carrying capacities. However, the composition of the volume of traffic for both corridors was not the same. Lekki-Epe corridor had a very insignificant proportion of high density vehicles (HDV), which are the major cause of road overload and resultant breakdown. On the contrary, Mile2-Apapa corridor had a significantly high proportion of its traffic volume being in the category of the HDVs (20% or 1 in every 5 vehicles being a HDV). The damage effects of overloading on the life span of the roads under review were revealed to be exponential in nature. All of these were seen to be as a result of the lack of implementation of laws and/or legislations on load tonnage standards by government.

The study evaluates the operation and effectiveness of cadastral system on mining title administration in Nigeria. The study used a random sampling technique to collect data from 100 respondents. Data collected was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and Pearson correlation was used to test the hypotheses. The findings revealed that 71% of the respondents agreed that cadastral system allow smooth efficient designations of decisions. This implied that the lengthy and costly procedure for title registration in Nigeria has been reduced drastically by cadastral system by maintaining a chronological record of all applications for mineral titles in a priority register and also maintains a general register which is to be used for all other types of application where registration of the priority is not required. Moreover, lapses and overlapping problem have been prevented this was made possible by the system by checking the eligibility of applicants and making decisions to grant or refuse applications especially in the case of new applications. Also, the conflict between small and large customers has been reduced drastically by strictly adhere to first come first served ground rules by cadastral system. The study therefore recommended that licensing should start and finish at zonal offices particularly for small and artisan miners in order to ensure efficient performance.

This paper, as an attempt at espousing the view that human communication reveals the essence of man, constitutes a contribution to the on-going philosophical discussions on understanding the meaning and the nature of man. The paper examines the idea of human communication from a philosophical perspective. It particularly explores the concepts of language, symbols and meaning as determinants of human existence through communication, and concludes that the whole essence of human interactions and attempts at persuasion of individuals by individuals, groups, institutions etc lie in the manipulation of meanings through symbols, codes and signs as constituents of language.

Multimedia integrated with many other media, Text, sound, videos, animation and graphics are the elements of multimedia. Multimedia develops negativity in early year (3-6) students. In this age students learn that things which are they seen. The present research identifies negative impact of multimedia elements in early year (3-6) students’ education. For the research, various schools were selected in the five mohallas of Alambagh area in Lucknow city. These mohallas are Pawanpuri, Kailaspuri, Geetapalli, Krishnapalli and Sujanpura. A total of 120 Pre-primary and primary teachers were selected for the study. Random sampling method was used for sample selection and selfmade questionnaire schedule was used for data collection. The t test used in research for data analysis, the results revealed that through to multimedia affects early year students’ personality. Early year students become dependent on multimedia elements.

Background: The adoption of low-carbon practices by citizens has become a major priority for governments in reaching GHG emission reduction targets. Individuals are encouraged to adopt a range of behaviours to reduce the negative impact of their lifestyles. Current policy discourses are focused around linear models of behaviour, which assumes that various factors may influence individuals to adopt or reject low-carbon practices. The objective of this study was to better understand these factors by applying a conceptual framework based on Rogers’ Theory of Diffusion of Innovation. This study examined a range of low-carbon practices and investigates if a combination of factors affects the adoption of low-carbon lifestyle. The authors queried if there are significant predictors of the level of adoption of low-carbon lifestyles and if personal characteristics moderate the relationships between the predictors and community’s adoption of low-carbon lifestyle. Methods: Criterion samples of community leaders in a low-carbon city were recruited from leaders in residents’ association committees in Putrajaya. Data were collected using a questionnaire survey. This study was guided by a grounded theory methodology. Results: Community leaders identified factors such as resource and support, complexity, policy and regulation, and relative advantage to be directly associated with their adoption of low-carbon lifestyle. These factors were found to be significant predictors of the level of adoption of low-carbon lifestyles. Personal characteristics such as innovator and later adopter characteristics were found to have moderating effects on the relations between adoption of low-carbon and predictor variables. Conclusion: The study found that community leaders’ adoption of low-carbon lifestyle were strongly bound by their perception of attributes of the new lifestyle, however their inner innovativeness contribute significant moderating effects that either enhance or curtail their adoption.

With the consideration of India’s rise as a great power and acquisition of major power status at international level, this paper trying to focus on India’s relations with the neighbors who haves the natural impact on its strategy or foreign policy. With the increasing influence and accession of important role in international politics consequently, India, poised a Challenge for the regional dynamics and stable bilateral relations with the neighbors. Although there are rare chances for the change in this fundamental balance, Pakistan is overwhelming and being anxious by the growing military power of India. So the strategic outlook of Pakistan is unchanged towards India. In the case of China it is a matching rival for India haves strong military capabilities as well as nuclear weapons. By the ultimate overview we can see these evenly conventional, diplomatic and nuclear forces are ensuring the relative regional stability.

This paper has focused the demonstration experience with his health problems, influence on their life and writing. Hemingway’s weakening physical condition and increasing severe mental problems that were bipolar disorder, alcohol dependence, traumatic brain injury, and probable border line and narcissistic personality traits considerably reduced his fictional creation in the final years of his lifetime. He spent more than a decade of his later career, writing about illness while he struggled with tuberculosis, insomnia, alcoholism and heart disease as well as the mental illness of his wife Zelda with studying of Fitzgerald's analysis of his own life, from his stories, we are able to bring together the ineffaceable connection between personal suffering and the need for expression, between illness and identity, between writing and healing. As a result, his donations to the canon of illness literature are noteworthy andas is characteristic of his career-credit for these contributions is overdue.

Customer perception is an important component of bank’s relationship with its customers. A customer may make such comparisons for each part of an offer called ‘‘domain-specific satisfaction’’ or for the offer in total called ‘‘global satisfaction’’. The working of the customer's mind is a mystery which is difficult to unfathomed and understanding the nuances of what perception the customer has to attain satisfaction is, a challenging task. The banks would recognize where they need to make changes to create improvements and determine if these changes, after implementation, have led to increased customer satisfaction. The present study is based on both primary and secondary sources. The primary data was collected from the customers of commercial banks by sample survey through structural interview schedule. Field work for this study was carried out by the researcher himself. The researcher had used the interview schedule for collecting data from bank customers.