水文学：当前研究

Hydrology as a science of knowledge, management, and applying water resources, the cycling of water through different reservoirs (subsurface, surface, and atmosphere) and precipitations has a particular role to play in the modern age. This science with the comprehensive engagements in the various domains has a specific role to determine. Engineering and applied sciences, economy-social and environmental disciplines are the main aspects of this importance to discuss. Nowadays, the direction of hydrological science in current researches, needs, and future perspectives gets more attractions. Moreover, the interaction of hydrology and challenging worldwide issues including’s environmental phenomena’s: floods, droughts, unexpected rainfalls, snow melts, the disorder in water resources as the critical research subjects are raised. In this regard, climate change as a high- impact factor in hydrology is considerable in environmental research subjects.

Hydrology (from Greek: "hýdōr" signifying "water" and "lógos" signifying "study") is that the logical investigation of the event, conveyance, and also the board of water on Earth and totally different planets, as well as the water cycle, water assets, and natural watershed flexibility. Geophysics tries to grasp wherever water happens; however water flows; however and why water conveyance changes when some time; the artificial and physical properties of water; and also the association of water to living beings. A professional of geophysics is understood as a hydrologist. Hydrologists area unit researchers considering earth or ecological science, common or natural planning and geographic. Exploitation totally effect logical methods and logical strategies, they gather and break down data to assist pay attention of water connected problems, as an example, ecological safeguarding, destructive events, and water management. Hydrology partitions into surface water geophysics, groundwater geophysics (hydrogeology), and marine geophysics. Areas of geophysics incorporate hydrometeorology, surface geophysics, hydrogeology, ooze bowl the executives, and water quality. Keywords: Water management;

With regards to drinking water, you should be cautious about the source. It is frequently accepted that groundwater and well water is sheltered to drink since it streams underground and doesn't interact with the surface contaminants. Groundwater is fundamentally water that gets leaked through the Earth's surface into the ground, going through permeable shakes, breaks and spaces. The water gets put away underground and wells are penetrated through these stone arrangements to gain admittance to this groundwater. Despite the fact that groundwater is esteemed safe to drink, you should have it tried for contaminations and synthetic compounds. It certainly won't have the surface poisons yet it might have the run-off contaminations in it.

For the most part, both ground water and surface water can give safe drinking water, as long as the sources are not contaminated and the water is adequately rewarded. Ground water is ideal over surface water for various reasons. Most importantly, ground water is solid during dry spells, while surface water can be immediately exhausted. Ground water is, as a rule, simpler and less expensive to treat than surface water, since it will in general be less dirtied. Through wells, ground water can be tapped where it is need, though surface waters are moved in lakes and streams. For instance, an enormous underground water source was as of late found in Sudan's Darfur district. The antiquated lake is 30,750 square kilometres, which is a similar size as Lake Erie, and will have the option to give truly necessary freshwater assets to individuals in the nation. The contention between Arab wanderers and African ranchers has, since 2003, caused in excess of 200,000 passing and constrained 2,000,000 individuals to escape their homes. The contention started when dry season and desertification constrained the Arab travellers to move to South Darfur, where the African ranchers were. As the war started over rivalry for assets, there is hypothesis that the disclosure of the water source will help with closure the continuous clash. For more data, you can peruse the BBC news story, "Water find 'may end Darfur war'". For more data about how the circumstance in Darfur, just as numerous different nations, disregards the human option to water, see the Human Rights certainty sheet. Ground water has a few different purposes, other than giving drinking water. Geothermal vitality utilizes ground water to deliver vitality proficient warming and cooling frameworks. A pool and recreational office in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, a wellbeing community complex in Sussex, New Brunswick, and Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario are instances of huge offices that are utilizing ground water to warmth and cool structures. In any case, there are a couple of worries about ground water. As populace and contamination increment, there turns out to be more weight on ground water. While ground water sources are more abundant than surface water sources, springs take more time to revive as a result of the period of time that it takes for water to arrive at the spring. Thus, springs can run dry. Surface water can likewise be exhausted, yet when ground water sources are drained, the overlying ground can conservative and die down, making harm structures on a superficial level. Too, when the ground water level abatements in beach front locales and on little islands, saline water can enter the water gracefully.

We currently use the gold standard HPC test method for bacterial enumeration of our raw, drinking and waste water; analysis times are relatively long: 1-3 d, as per the
international standard reference method. Our tests are accredited to ISO/IEC 17025 requirements. The literature has indicated international use of the current HPC
method for monitoring routine microbiological quality of drinking water; current tests for pathogen monitoring have poor sensitivity, accuracy and long analysis times, in
general. The aim of this current review is to: Consider shortfalls of the HPC method, Discuss alternative methods for bacterial enumeration, Discuss features and
applications of the automated -sample preparation flow cytometer, the BactoSense model, Highlight advantages of flow cytometry, which makes this technique the choice
for the bacteriological enumeration in water, and Propose options for standardization of flow cytometry TCC test methods.
Findings indicate that HPC is very inaccurate (~ -99% bias), and time-consuming (1-3 d), compared to flow cytometry (~ 99% accurate; ± 15-20 min analysis time). The
evidence confirms a strong preference for the use of flow cytometry for Total Cell Counts/mL; the BactoSense is one viable instrument due to its automated sample
preparation, speed of analysis, accuracy and precision. There was a significant gap regarding the standardization of current flow cytometry test methods. Options for
standardization are ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation, the US EPA, ASTM, AOAC, and Standard Methods. Some key method validation parameters are: accuracy, bias,
precision, specificity, LOD, LOQ, linearity, and the Uncertainty of measurement. The review has highlighted the potential of flow cytometry for the screening of Corona
virus SARS-CoV-2 for COVID-19. The BactoSense FCM appears to be a viable option for bacterial enumeration, as a TCC/mL measure, for drinking water, due to its
sample preparation automation, speed of analysis, accuracy and precision. The current, and new, FCM test methods should be validated, standardized, or accredited for
adoption for bacterial enumeration of water. Flow cytometry is the preferred test method for bacterial enumeration of water - it should replace the HPC method.