水文学：当前研究

Water balance assessment was pricing the water for water resource optimization and management. The main objective of this study was estimation of the seasonal water balance of Ethiopia. The QGIS tool was used for data analysis which was essential for estimation of water deficit for the dry season and water surplus for the wet season. Seasonal water balance for six years was calculated for dry and wet seasons. For each year, the results for wet were 17.8 BCM, 19.7 BCM, 42.9 BCM, 19.8 BCM, 46.1 BCM and 13.99 BCM for the year 2016-2017, 2017-2018, 2018-2019, 2019-2020, 2020-2021, 2021-2022 respectively. For the dry season, the seasonal water variation result shows that -14.6 BCM, -15.15 BCM, -19.8 BCM, -23.1 BCM, -71.83 BCM, -21.6 BCM for the year 2016-2017, 2017-2018, 2018-2019, 2019-2020, 2020-2021, 2021-2022 respectively. The result shows that there was a water surplus for the wet season and water deficit for the dry season. The result of this study was applicable for drought monitoring, urban drainage system management and flood monitoring, agricultural systems, industrial systems, hydroelectric power generation systems, for urban and rural water supply systems, for understanding the effect of global climatic changes due to different processes in the study area.

Urban hydrology refers to the study of water and its movement in urban areas. It encompasses a range of physical and environmental factors, such as rainfall patterns, land use, drainage systems, and water quality. Understanding urban hydrology is essential for managing water resources, controlling flooding, and protecting human health and the environment. Urbanization has a significant impact on the hydrological cycle, leading to changes in the way water flows through urban landscapes. Impervious surfaces such as roads, sidewalks, and buildings, cover large portions of urban areas, preventing rainwater from infiltrating the soil. As a result, the amount of surface runoff increases, leading to higher peak flows, increased erosion, and higher rates of water pollution.

Groundwater refers to the water that is found beneath the Earth's surface. It is stored in the soil, rocks, and in the gaps between them. It is one of the most important natural resources on Earth as it provides drinking water, irrigation water, and supports many ecosystems. Groundwater is formed through a process called infiltration. When it rains, the water falls onto the ground and either evaporates back into the atmosphere or is absorbed into the soil. Some of this water percolates down through the soil and rocks until it reaches the water table, which is the level below which the soil and rocks are completely saturated with water.