灌溉排水系统工程

Water is an important input for agriculture so that this valuable resource is designed properly and deliverable. Reasonable information on evapotranspiration, crop water requirements, and net irrigation requirements is required for effective planning of this resource. Present research intentions to calculate the Crop Water Requirement for the various crop in the Peshawar district using CROPWAT 8.0 model. Crops in the area of study comprise wheat, sorghum, and millet. The climate data (rainfall, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, hours of sunshine, wind speed, and humidity) was obtained from Regional Meteorological Center, Peshawar. The soil and crop data were obtained from Food and Agriculture Organization for the above-mentioned crops. The reference evapotranspiration, crop water requirement, effective rainfall, and irrigation water requirement were calculated via the CROPWAT model. The study evident that for crops grown in the area the irrigation water requirement is desired to fulfill crop water requirements since effective rainfall is not enough to encounter the crop water requirement.

The availability of freshwater is likely to decrease due to population growth, industrialization, land use and climate change; unfortunately demand for water increases across the world. Quantifying the water resources of a watershed is essential for providing the strategic information needed for long-term planning of water security. Thus this study was initiated with an objective to determine the surface water resources potential of Somodo watershed. GPS, GIS, SWAT, and SWAT-CUP software were the materials used. Secondary data namely DEM, land use/land cover map, soil map, stream flow and meteorological data were collected from responsible organizations. Sensitivity analysis, calibration and validation of the model were done to check performance of the model. The result reveals that Surface runoff and base flow were the most sensitive parameters of the stream flow in Somodo watershed. The statistical results for the model performance displayed satisfactory (R² of 0.795 and NSE of 0.68) between the simulated and observed flow, respectively for calibration and there was also a very good agreement between the observed and simulated stream flow with R² value of 0.821 and NSE value of 0.7 for validation. From total watershed area of 19860 ha, a total of 56.75MCM surface runoff was generated by the model from the catchment annually. Construction of water harvesting structures at the upstream of the watershed is useful to increase the water potential and to use the water during the dry period and is recommended from this study.

In order to build the capacity of smallholder farmers, the appropriate scale mechanization consortium team in Burkina Faso designed and tested a small scale drip irrigation system for vegetable production. An experiment was conducted in Sonsongona village “11.2522°N, 4.4559°W” in the Houet Province of the Hauts-Bassins Region. The irrigation system consisted of four compartments: 1) Seven (07) meters depth well in which a submersible pump (ps2-200 h 07) 2) The pump was placed and connected to two electrically semi-automated solar panels (130 watts each) 3) Polytank water tower with a capacity of 2000 liters was feed up from the pump 4) Grid drip system on the irrigation plot. The experimental design was a randomized complete block. The system evaluation was based on measurements of water quantities emitted by 48 emitters per block as well as the flow rate of the pump and the water tower. The quantities of water collected from the emitters of the 4 valves therefore varied significantly. The lowest value (92.25 ml/7 minutes) was observed at the emitters of valve 8 and the highest (97.26 ml/7 min) at the emitters of valve 2. The 5^th and 60^th day after installation data showed similarity in term of the quantities of water emitted by the emitters of the 4 valves (p > 0.05). The daily operating peak flow of the pump was 1.10 m³/h with an average water pumping rate of about 0.87 m³/ h. The average flow delivered by the water tower was about 1.06 m³/ hr. For crops production efficiency, the system was tested and the average yields were 14,750 ± 736 kg/ha of cabbage in a mulch plot compared to 8,500 ± 736 kg/ha in no-mulch plot. Onion yield was 4,187.50 ± 162.41 kg/ha with mulching compared to 1,750 ± 162.41 kg/ha without mulching. As for tomatoes, on straw plots, the yield was 6,875 ± 547.5 kg/ha compared to 3,975 ± 547.5 kg/ha on no-mulch plots. It could be concluded that, the current designed drip irrigation is functional and could be suitable in smallholder farming system and rural communities’ use since it doesn’t recommend much efforts for maintenance. It can be used to grow vegetables (20 square meters), livestock water drink and seed crops cultivation which could improve rural family livelihood and nutrition especially women and children.