国际经济与管理科学杂志

Shelter is one of the main desires of mankind and it is by far very important for the physical survival of man. The adequacy and excellence of housing is a testament to productivity, happiness and satisfaction. However, in Ethiopia, it is very difficult to build a house of your own or buy or even rent one. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to examine the determinants of urban housing choice in the town of Debre Berhan, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. This study shows that socioeconomic and institutional factors are the determinants of urban housing choice. The paper recommends future studies focusing on the challenges and prospects of urban housing. Increase the ability to provide quality and quantity housing at low prices.

The main aim of this study was to identify key actors in inbound logistics, their positions in dairy value chain and asses the actors in primary and support activities according to Portor’s Value chain approach. The study was conducted in Nuwara- Eliya, Kandy, Gampaha, Anuradhapura Kurunagala and Jaffna district to represent six dairy farming systems of Hill country, Mid country, Low country wet, Low country dry, Coconut triangle and Jaffna Peninsula. Cost of production of one litre of milk including family labour cost was RS.59.63, whereas excluding family labour Rs.29.78. The labour cost accounts for 50% and feed cost account for 46% of total cost. The main value chain actors under the inbound logistics are input supply such as feed, water, labour, veterinary services and animal breeding. MILCO, NESTLE, YALCO, LIBCO, CIC, Pelwatta, Cargills and Rich Life dairies play a major role in milk collection, storage, processing and distribution. To enhance the dairy value chain efficiency, concentrate feed cost should be reducing and need to increase quality grass in diet. Further, increasing infrastructure, support services, promotion of local products and convert small scale produces in to economic units, establishing quality management system and introducing an appropriate milk distribution mechanism will enhance the dairy value chain efficiencies.

Individuals from all areas of life were affected by the COVID-19 outbreak, which prompted authorities to advise people to self-quarantine in their homes to prevent the virus from spreading. The lockdown had a severe psychological impact, contributing to difficulties such as rage, tension and sadness anxiety and stress. The study titled, ‘‘Influence of Demographic Variables on Stress Level of Employees during COVID-19 Pandemic’ is conducted with the aim of assessing how the demographic profile affects the level of stress due to COVID-19. Total of 306 responses were collected using convenient random sampling and a self- administered questionnaire as data collection tool. For the purpose of data analysis we have used descriptive statistics, independent t test and ANOVA. The factors selected for the purpose of the study are number of dependents, employment status, family type, number of family members and number of earners in the context of the employees. Analysis of assessment on the basis of number of dependents shows that the p-value of the ANOVA test is 0.001, which shows a significant difference. On the basis of analysis conducted for the employment status of the employees, it was examined that unemployed participants have a higher level of stress. Participants with temporary employment and participants with permanent employee status show lesser stress. On the basis of type of family, it shows a significant difference in family type that means participants who were living separately were less stressed and the participants who were living in the joint family were more stressed. The effect of number of family members of the employees was evident from the analysis the number of family members were directly proportional to stress and so was the analysis pertaining to number of earners of the family.

Corporate social responsibility, abbreviated as CSR is a new concept in the Indian corporate sector. India is reported to be the first country to introduce statutory corporate social responsibility through the Companies Act, 2013. Corporate social responsibility is channel through which the corporate sector address to the needs of the society which will be solved through the percentage of mandatory contribution in form of CSR. The percentage of CSR which has been prescribed by law is 2% of the profit of the company. The paper titled, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility: The relevance in Indian Corporate’ is an attempt to highlight various concepts of corporate social responsibility. In this paper we will be discussing the various works which has been done so far in regard to corporate social responsibility. And what is the future scope of works in the same regard.

Loan repayment has a vital importance to have sustainable of financial institutions and the micro finance institution are distribution loan facilities to Micro and Small Enterprises(MSEs) in order to fill the gap of borrowers financial problem and increase productivity. Oromia Credit and Saving Share Company (OCSSCO) were, therefore, established to fill the gap in the financial services by providing credit services to MSEs. However, there is a loan repayment problem of MSEs in the study area, which is an obstacle to microfinance institutions. The objective of the study was identifying factors that influence the loan repayment performance of micro and small scale enterprises in the study area, the primary data were collected from 135 respondents stratified random sampled selected through structured questionnaire and the secondary data were obtained OCSSCO recorded and from different books. For the data analysis, descriptive statistics were used to describe the socio-economic characteristics of the MSEs borrowers and an econometric model recognized as a binary logistic regression model was used to identify factors that affect loan repayment performance of MSEs. From a total of 14 explanatory variables in the regression seven explanatory variables were found to be statistically significant to influence loan repayment performance. As the result of econometric showed that educational status, training of the borrowers, Suitable repayment period, Loan supervision, Income from others Sources, Revenue from business and business experience were affect loan repayment performance positively significant. Therefore, the study suggests the identified significant factors to be considered effective measures and revise policy as to improve loan repayment performance and minimize defaults problem.