国际经济与管理科学杂志

The paper critically examines the digital media and governance codes of ethics in light of the data protection bill 2019.

This research focuses on the government of India's recent proposal of personal data protection bill (yet to be drafted as law) and the information technology (intermediary guidelines and digital media ethics code) rules, 2021 (amendment to information technology act, 2000 and information technology (intermediaries’ guidelines) rules, 2011).

The emergence of digital media platforms has visibly delegated power to users, who can now engage with a mass audience and exert degrees of influence over democratic processes and governance practices. However, people are now having a dilemma about technological advancement and digitization due to increased concerns about personal data breach, its protection, and privacy policy. There is less credibility over the source of information been published on digital media?

In order to protect the right to privacy and to maintain authenticity, it is necessary to comprehend the concept of a digital media ethics code and intermediary norms. As a result, this paper will explore the perspectives on the frameworks put in place by the government in order to maintain due diligence over digital media platforms.

The deterrent component of tort law is highlighted by the economic theory of tort law. It is predicated on the notion that responsibility for unintentional injury should be allocated. in order to reduce the predicted costs of accidents, such as those incurred by the victims, the expense of taking safeguards to prevent injuries and victims, and the administrative costs of determining fault. This research tries to examine tort liability from an economic perspective. This work does not consider each and every tort law idea, but rather focuses on a few that are more closely related to tort law than others and all of them work together harmoniously to produce a seamless body of study, which is the goal of this work.

It investigates the possible significance of risk-benefit analysis in determining the appropriateness of the COVID-19 vaccination. It is argued that a comprehensive flexible approach to determining defectiveness that embraces risk-benefit can take into account the enormous public interest derived from the continued supply and availability of vaccines, as well as the benefits of immunity for both the individual and the community. The immunity-granting advantages of the COVID-19 vaccinations for both the individual and the community should be significant in any assessment of defectiveness if situations involving the liability of the vaccine do arise. Such a comprehensive, adaptable approach to defects that considers risk and benefit can be used to assess a vaccine's safety and potentially lessen its risks decreasing public trust in the vaccine update.

Unemployment means the number of jobless people in a country. Those people who have the energy and ability of a job and want to do the job, but he/she cannot find the job to meet their basic needs or it's the situation in which someone in the age of working but unable to get full time employment unfortunately, Afghanistan is one of those countries with the highest unemployment rate around the world. According to the World Bank research in 2019, the unemployment rate in Afghanistan was 11.12%. In 2020 and 2021, the unemployment rate got increased, which harms the purchasing power of civilians. People need a job if there is no job; they try to find other ways to survive; in Afghanistan, there are many terrorist groups like, Taliban, Al-Qaida, Dahesh (ISIS), Haqqani network, smugglers, etc. These groups welcoming the youths, and they pay money for them. It's an excellent opportunity for terrorism and smugglers to hire youth and teenagers to fight for them and their goals. From 2004 up to 2021, the unemployment rate is gradually increasing day by day, and the security situation also is getting worse; it shows unemployment and security interrelated; in villages, most people are jobless, which is why most of the villagers join these groups.

SMEs remain a veritable tool that generates employment opportunities. This study examined the impact of SMEs on employment creation in the Makurdi metropolis of Benue state. A sample size of 340 entrepreneurs was chosen from the population of entrepreneurs (SMEs) in the Makurdi metropolis. The study used logistic regression to analyse the impact of SME activities on employment creation or generation in the state and found that SMEs contribute significantly to employment creation in the state but are often faced with the challenges of lack of capital, absence of business planning, lack of confidence in the face of competition, unfavorable environment for the development of SMEs, high government taxes and inadequate technical knowledge. The study therefore recommended that the government should implement capital or credit enhancing programmes and an enabling environment for smooth running of the SMEs. Tax incentives should also be granted to infant enterprises, and tax administration should be monitored to avoid excessive tax rates imposed by tax collectors.

The use of the internet for commercial and/or marketing transactions is known as e-commerce. Digitally enabled marketable and/or business deals are the focus of these papers. In India, e-commerce has revolutionized business practices. By 2026, the Indian e-commerce market is expected to reach $200 billion, up from $38.5 billion in 2017. An increase in smartphone and internet usage in recent years has sparked the anticipated growth of the assiduity.

Agriculture has been assumed to be a vital sector for achieving food security and alleviating poverty. Rice is crucial and most cultivated cereal has a good potential to food self-sufficiency and food security. The production of rice is low in the district due to low attention given to the rice production and low agricultural technology adoption decision to rice production. Therefore, this research attempts to evaluate the determinants that affecting rice yield in the district employing cross-sectional field survey data gathered in 2022. A cross-sectional field survey was collected among 384 rice cultivators in the Fogera district, Amhara region. For the data analysis descriptive statistics and binary logit regression model were conducted. The results of binary logit regression presented the rice production was significantly affected by size of family, educational status, available family labor, livestock owned, access to extension, credit use, access to information, distance to nearest market, and distance to nearest road. Among these key underlying determinants educational status, available family labor, livestock owned, access to extension, credit use, and access to information were positively associated with rice production, whereas size of family, distance to nearest market, and distance to nearest road were negatively associated. The results evaluated the role of rice production at farm level due to higher yield and income could translate in to improved food security and grower’s welfare. Therefore, concern bodies should give a vital attention to rice production which is a key to enhance rice grower’s income.