精神障碍和治疗

The co-existence of intellectual disability (ID) and psychiatric disorders is fairly common throughout the lifespan, but there is only limited research on children, adolescents, and young adults with ID and co-occurring, severe psychiatric disorders. Children and adolescents with ID or very low Full Scale IQs are often excluded from studies of psychopathology, including many that investigate Schizophrenia, Psychosis Not Otherwise Specified, other psychotic disorders, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, and other mood disorders. As a result, the co-occurrence of ID and many disorders in childhood and adolescence is not well understood. In spite of current knowledge about the impact of both childhood maltreatment and psychotic disorders on cognitive development, there are also relatively few studies that explore specific cognitive deficits in youth with ID and psychosis, and few that investigate trauma variables in youth with ID and severe psychiatric disorders. At present, there is similarly little research on the implementation of evidenced supported treatment with dually diagnosed children and adolescents with ID who experience severe psychopathology. This article outlines the importance of further research on the interaction between ID, cognitive impairments, psychotic disorders, mood disorders, and PTSD as a necessary condition for informing and guiding the treatment of children, adolescents, and young adults with co-occurring ID and severe psychiatric disorders.

Objective: Mental health refers as the individual’s adjustment with a maximum of effectiveness, satisfaction, happiness and socially considerate behaviour and the ability to face and accept the reality of life. Excess use of drugs largely affects individual’s mental health. The present research paper explored the impact of drug addiction on mental health.
Method: The present study consists of 60 subjects randomly selected among which 30 were adolescents (15 males and 15 females) and 30 adult’s (15 males and 15 females). The P.G.I Health Questionnaire N-I constructed by Varma, Wing and Pershad was used to measure the mental health of drug addicts. The effect of two experimental variables (age and gender) was study on one criterion variable (mental health). For data analysis mean and two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied.
Results: The results revealed that age and gender have significant effect on mental health of drug addicts. Also adults and female addicts show better mental health than adolescents and male addicts. The obtained F ratio was found significant at 0.01 level of significance.
Conclusions: On the basis of our findings it is concluded that age and gender are the influential factors in mental health.

Introduction: Psychiatric hospitalization has been being studied homicide in Jamaica, particular the role of murder influencing admissions to mental health facility. Despite the high rates of homicide in Jamaica, the discourse of homicide has been either in the area of criminology or public health, with there being a gap between the studies of both.
Objectives: This research evaluates the role of homicide on psychiatric hospitalization, determines probabilities of homicide and psychiatric hospitalization, and examines best fit functions for the relationship between homicide rates and psychiatric hospitalization rates.
Methods and materials: Panel data for 1 10-year period, 2006-2015, were used to establish probabilities, functions and relationships between homicide and psychiatric hospitalization rates per 100,000.
Findings: A statistical relationship exists between psychiatric hospitalization and homicide rates. The association is a complex one as it is explained by a cyclical function. The majority of psychiatric hospitalization elasticities of homicide were inelastic and this means that a 1% change in homicide rate will produce a less than 1% change in psychiatric hospitalization.
Conclusion: There is a psychology of homicide that is unfolding in Jamaica. People are negatively influenced by the homicide pandemic. Although the effects of the murder pandemic are low, it is still accounting for psychiatric disorders among Jamaicans. The effects are not necessarily felt today (i.e., short-term effect); but there is the delayed effect (i.e., long-term effect) of murder that is accounting for additional hospitalization to a mental health institution.

Background: Around 30-40% of patients who are attending primary care setting have emotional problems. The majority of these were often remaining unrecognized, misdiagnosed and inappropriately managed. Improving the knowledge and attitude of the health workers especially nurses is important to overcome this problem.
Objective: To assess knowledge, attitude and associated factors of nurses towards mental illness in Addis Ababa public hospitals, Ethiopia.
Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 12 to May 12, 2014. The data was collected from 423 Nurses using structured Knowledge and attitude questionnaire for health workers, which is designed by National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences. Participants were selected by using systematic random sampling methods. Data was entered using Epi-info 7 and analysis was conducted using SPSS 20. Bivariate and Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify variables which have significant association with knowledge and attitude towards mental illness. The level of significance association was determined by AOR with 95% confidence interval and P-value ≤0.05.
Results: A total of 400 participants were participated with a response rate of 94.5%, 50% were females. The average age was 31 ± 6.6 years.50% and 44.2% of nurses have adequate knowledge and Favorable attitude towards mental illness respectively. There was significant association between knowledge and profession, working department and taking training. Also sex, educational status, profession, institute of graduation and work experience of respondents were significantly associated with attitude at p Conclusion and recommendation: About half of nurse’s appear to have adequate knowledge and less than half of participant have favorable attitude. These unfavorable attitudes may cause certain problems like decrease in health care of person with mental illness. Practice based training at working areas regarding mental health problems need to be given for nurses.

Teaching schoolchildren is almost uniformly regarded as a particularly stressful occupation characterized by a range of mental health hazards. Consequently, clinical psychological research and practice has made intense efforts towards proliferating understanding, treatment and prevention of teacher burnout. Compared to other parameters, lack of classroom control is a major source of mental health problems in secondary school teachers. While the available literature on the relationship between classroom management and teacher burnout is intriguing, there is a need for a summary of the available findings. To encourage the progression of this research and the development of mental health intervention for teachers, the present review seeks to synthesize the relevant literature. As previous findings indicate, behaviour modification and classroom management skills enable teachers to prevent and modify student misbehavior and therefore contribute to both stress reduction and self-efficacy. Teachers without sufficient resources such as classroom management and behaviour modification skills are particularly vulnerable to experience stress when exposed to prolonged discipline problems. In an attempt to compensate their skill deficit, they are inclined to draw on punitive and coersive practices that exacerbate student misbehavior and maladaptive selfefficacy beliefs. Teachers might then experience severe emotional strain that again occupies information processing resources and impedes successful classroom management; the mental health risks originate from an escalating and self-perpetuating cycle of skill deficit, student misbehavior and ineffective control strategies. A threshold model is forwarded to account for the specific vulnerability towards mental health problems conferred by skill deficits. Overall, burnout interventions should address classroom management deficits and equip teachers with behavior modification skills.

There is presently insufficient research for the implementation of evidenced based combined treatments of psychosis in children and adolescents. Even though knowledge about the neurobiological underpinnings of psychotic disorders has steadily accumulated, much is still unknown about the progression of psychosis in childhood and adolescence and its most effective treatment. Treatment models for childhood psychosis are largely derived from investigations of psychosis in adulthood. Research is needed that examines both psychotherapeutic and supportive psychosocial interventions as well as their combination with effective medications with minimal risks of negative side effects.Age-specific research and outcome studies are also necessary to illuminate appropriate treatment for psychotic disorders in children and adolescents.