精神障碍和治疗

Abstract

Recent research studies have revealed that inadequate quantity of sleep cycle and deprived sleep quality, are one of the most common emerging issues which are affecting the personality and attitude traits of an individual. There is significant research studies conducted which indicates optimism and self-esteem are the core salient features for maintaining a good health.

Aim of the study: There is a dearth of knowledge regarding the possible determinants of positive optimism characteristics among young adults. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the relationship of optimism with insomnia symptoms among young adults.

 Method: Sleep parameters and optimism were assessed by administering standardized questionnaire(s) among a sample of 200 young adults aged between 17 and 26 years studying in University. Results: Statistical analysis shows strong negative correlation between optimism scale and sleep cycle, the participants exhibiting higher score of insomnia tend to show lower score on optimism scale.

 Conclusion: The result provides preliminary input on risk factors for insomnia and effect on optimism, as adequate amount of sleep has a strong relationship with optimism leading to a more confident and improved quality of life. This finding can be implemented to guide sleep hygiene promotion and intervention among college students.

INTRODUCTION

Emerging research supports the findings that nocturnal sleep is one of the most important aspects of our life for maintaining a sound physical and mental health.Various research studies indicate that sleeping less than 7-hours as well as sleeping more than 8-hours is closely linked to an increased susceptibility to a broad range of physical and psychological health problems, such as ranging from poor vigilance and memory to reduced mental and physical reaction times, reduced motivation, depression, insomnia, metabolic abnormalities, obesity, immune impairment, and even a greater risk of coronary heart disease and even cancer. Longitudinal evidence suggests that insomnia is the most common co-morbid condition seen with mood, anxiety and predates the onset of low optimistic attitude within an individual. Numerous research studies also reveal significant results which indicate that sleep deprivation among young adults tends to interfere with the mechanism which is responsible for regulating personality characteristics including optimism, with increased risk for anxiety, negative mood, impulsivity, and inability to cope up with social stresses. The circadian rhythm i.e. the sleep-wake cycle is controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus. The orexinergic neurons of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) promote wakefulness and the inhibitory effect of ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) promotes sleep. There are various models which define the foundation of insomnia explaining the various factors that are responsible for related sleep disturbances. One such model is the diathesis stress model or the 3-P model (predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating) factors given by Spielman et al who mentioned the role of the three P’s in development and maintenance of insomnia. The insomnia symptoms worsen in an attempt to relieve it hence the model focuses on behavioural pattern. For example, an attempt to compensate for reduced sleep by spending increased time in bed may worsen insomnia unintentionally. As per the diagnostic guidelines of insomnia (ICD10, 2004), the following are essential clinical features for a definite diagnosis

METHODS

Participants A total of 92 subjects were selected using purposive sampling based on their encouragement to participate in the present study from the university. The participants were divided into Group 0: 63 (aged 17-21-years) and Group 1: 29 (aged 22-26-years). Individuals who fulfilled the criteria of insomnia with the minimum age of 17-years were included in the study. On the other hand, individuals who were suffering from other psychiatric illness or comorbid conditions were excluded from the study based on structured psychiatric interview. All the subjects were explained in detail regarding the purpose of the study. Primarily, the mother tongue of all the participants was Hindi simultaneously had a good knowledge of English. Informed consent and personal information was taken from the participant and permission was granted by the research committee of the university to conduct the research

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The aim of the study was to find out the RS between insomnia and five facets of Optimism among University students. On statistical analysis, the correlation between PSQI and OI was found to be: Therefore, the findings reveal that there is a negative correlation between Sleeping Difficulties and Optimism which means a higher level of optimism is related to better Sleep Quality and more sleeping difficulties relate to lower level of optimism.

• Positive Emotions and PSIQ
• Engagement and PSIQ
• Relationship and PSIQ
• Meaningfulness and PSIQ
• Accomplishment and PSIQ

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: In summary, the current study extends the knowledge towards the facets of optimism, elaborating that better sleep quality is associated with a higher level of positive facets viz. PE, EM, RS, MF and AC. Future studies can make a greater effort in establishing a causal RS between optimism and insomnia and ascertaining the effect of multiple factors such as stress, depression, social support. In a university setting, the finding can be implemented to nurture optimism and guide sleep hygiene promotion and intervention among college students.

Note: This work is partly presented at 2^nd International Congress on Mental Health on June 13-15, 2019 held in Amsterdam, Netherlands

Abstract: This study examined the levels of maternal stress and efficacy for Spanish- and English-speaking Latina mothers whose infants were in neonatal intensive care. Thirty-two Latina mothers participated in the study. Significant group differences were found between Spanish- and English-speaking Latina mothers. More stress was experienced by Spanish- than English-speaking Latina mothers in communicating with NICU staff, in general and learning about infant caregiving tasks, in particular. Maternal efficacy was not related to stress experienced by these mothers in the NICU. Implications for early interventions and future directions for researcher discussed for Latina mothers and their new born infants with special needs

DESCRIPTORS: Latina mothers, maternal stress and efficacy, neonatal intensive care The transition to parenting a new born baby is a major life change for many families (Heinicke, 1995). For many first-time parents, pregnancy, along with the initial adjustment to parenthood, is described as a period ofcrisis. The birth experience may be particularly traumatizing for families if there are unexpected medical complications, including a premature birth that requires an admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) setting (Hughes, McCollum, Sheftel, & Sanchez, 1994).These experiences may pose additional stressors for families whose language and culture are different from those of health care providers. Because Latinos are the largest minority, numbered at 35.3 million in the United States (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2001), and they are an understudied population, there is a strong need to examine their experiences with neonatal intensive care. Latino children are the largest ethnic minority group, comprising 16% of the U.S. population under 18 years of age (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2000). The percentage of preterm Latino infants born in the United States in2002 was 11.6%, followed by 11% for non-Latino Anglopreterm births (National Center for Health Statistics,2003).

Method

• Research Site
• Participants
• Measures

Parental Stress Scale: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit the Parental Stress Scale: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (PSS: NICU; Miles, Funk, & Carlson, 1993), a widely used instrument, was selected to measure the construct of parental stress associated with the NICU (Johll, 1997; Miles, Funk, & Kasper, 1991, 1992; Mileset al., 1993; Seideman et al., 1997; Shields-Poe & Pinelli, 1997). The PSS: NICU is a 46-item self-report measure of parental perceptions of stressors from the physical and psychosocial environment of the NICU

Procedure

Parent recruitment occurred over a 5-month period from August 2002 to January 2003. Mothers were recruited directly in the NICU where neonatal personnel briefly described the study to them. Mothers were asked for their verbal consent for the principal investigator to speak with them about participating in the study. Participants were provided with an oral and written explanation of the research study in their primary language. Of the total number of mothers who were invited to participate, 82% of these mothers agreed to be included in the study. Written human subject consents were obtained from the participants. The mothers who agreed to participate were asked to complete the self-report questionnaires in the NICU on one occasion of their choice. The questionnaires were completed 1 to16 days prior to discharge, with the mean of 4 days prior to discharge (SD = 3.7). The mothers chose when to complete the questionnaires. Therefore, we were unableto control for the amounts of experience in the NICU environment. However, all of the mothers had at least5 days of experience with their infants in the NICU before entering the study. The questionnaires took the participants between 30 min to 1 hr to complete

Results

This study was designed to measure the levels of maternal stress and efficacy associated with Latina mothers’ experiences having their babies admitted to the NICU. It was of particular interest to examine if these levels were similar or different between the English- and Spanish-speaking Latina mothers. Potential relations between maternal stress and efficacy were also of interest for the Latina mothers as a group as well as for the two language groups of Latina mothers.

Note: This work is partly presented at 2^nd International Congress on Mental Health on June 13-15, 2019 held in Amsterdam, Netherlands

Abstract

Every human being on this planet wants to have a decent life. Enough joy in lifetime, somewhat to be pleased of, to be esteemed by his or her parents; we want to be loved by our family. Maslow said: “Human life will always be assumed unless its highest objectives are taken into explanation. Growth, self-actualization, the determined toward strength, the search for identity and dependence, the desire for excellence (and other ways of phrasing the striving “ascending”) must by now be accepted yonder question as a extensive and perhaps universal human affinity …”  If we do not have a mother or father or siblings or even if we do not have adoptive parents or life instructors in life that coach us, we want to be loved by the ones that can love us and we want to prosper in being happy in life. Some of us don’t know our parents that well anymore because we decided not to talk to them anymore for various reasons. From the day we are born until the day we are positively old and die we want to look back at our lives and be happy about what we will have experienced in life. When I ask you: where were you upstretched or where are you from? You’d probably answer this question by mentioning a town or a certain country’. I was born and raised in ... I would say I am from out of my mother. A friend of mine taught me this and I am very thankful for him telling me where I am from. Because that makes us all identical, right? But it doesn’t mean that all probabilities are equal. Some have better chances to grow up towards maturity more successfully than the other regardless of where they are from. This all has to do with internal and external factors in life. You were natural somewhere on planet earth. After that we get to know your surrounds better. In life we get to know other people better and most of us get to know our parents better. We get to know our brothers and sisters better and if we are lucky we get to know our aunts and uncles our nieces and nephews etc. At nursery school we make new friends and later on in life we get to know our classmates, our colleagues, and our wife and so on. We connect through Facebook, we meet people through doings, through our Activities of Daily Life (ADL) and every year, every day we have the opportunity to make new friends during our lives.

The social issue I would like to discuss is:

What can be the significances when populations with a enduring mental or physical disorder are obliged to do daytime activities like volunteering or paid work? Nevertheless of the degree of their disorder. Exceptions not included. How can incentives be put in place or is it possible to sanction the incomes of investors? And what does it yield for everyone involved: clients, relatives, companies, institutions, guarantors, government, et cetera?

Background

 I work as a mental health social worker at GGzE (Regional Menthol Health Institution) De Grote Beek in Eindhoven. I work at the neuropsychiatry department. I mainly work with clients with a psychological and or psychiatric susceptibility. I try to structure their day and I try to support them. I ensure that they reintegrate, remain stable or make a step ahead.

Experiences and expected results

When I studied social work, I worked together with Latifa Bali, a colleague and fellow student at the University of Applied Sciences in Utrecht. During our study and work we noticed that social workers often tried to start activation, but that the activation process rotted because clients chose to do so. Sometimes out of fear or due to lack of agenda they stop doing daytime activities or agreeing jobs. Accordingly, the client would spend the entire day on a terrace smoking cigarettes or drinking beer. Latifa and I then thought: what should we do about this? We questioned what would happen if someone with a physical or mental disability would be forced by law to do daytime activities, offering or even paid work. Then this social issue ascended in our head. We then expanded on this for our education and work. Actually, this social issue occurs everywhere, worldwide. Everywhere people are at home, here on our grounds, in hospitals, at rehabilitation centres, at patient organizations, at the social services… Really everywhere! It can also occur when a social worker notices that a client in his own home has no social contacts or is in bed all day. Or shouldn’t someone with schizophrenia leave the house to do something? Here you come back to that responsibility to be activated. For clients activation provides physical and mental well-being. It can also take away the worries of close relatives because they are supported by the entire health care system. I think activated people start to feel less restricted, less insecure, and healthier. Because as a social worker or as a relative you form a bond together and the client will be held responsible, the conversation about activation is to be had. People are often branded by their physical or mental disability. It regularly occurs that someone who is in a wheelchair or is staggering is stared at. Assimilation and activations contributes to the client regaining self-esteem.

The social workers, institutions and governments benefit from more attention for and communication about this issue. They also will be held responsible by law. And, confidently, people will become healthier. It creates awareness for health insurance companies that they have an impact on susceptible citizens. When people are being activated, they have less time to smoke cigarettes and they have less chance of becoming miserable at home. So if they are activated, it will cost health insurance companies less; money better spent elsewhere. It also leads to savings through lessening of medication. Finally, all together we need to ensure that the client can fulfil his obligations. So, with the help of his loved ones, psychotherapists, and the government we can make them more active, healthier and happier

Note: This work is partly presented at 2^nd International Congress on Mental Health on June 13-15, 2019 held in Amsterdam, Netherlands