阿拉伯商业与管理评论杂志

The aim of this research is to scrutinize the impact of organizational justice on job satisfaction. The relationship of three dimensions of organizational justice (Distributive justice, Procedural justice and Interactional justice) was observed with job satisfaction to know whether it has positive or negative effect on employees. The scale for organizational justice was based on literature and survey whereas for job satisfaction, Minnesota Job Satisfaction scale was used as data collection tool. This survey was carried out in different Departments of Peshawar University and ICP. For reliability of data, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used. For normality of data Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk Tests were applied. The results of these tests showed respective satisfactory values. Descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and correlation were used for data analysis. The results found that most of the employees want fairness in interaction, procedures and distribution of resources. The results also found positive correlation between organizational justice and job satisfaction.

The study examined agricultural funding and challenges of money deposit banks in Nigeria using secondary data collected from Central Bank of Nigeria and National Bureau of Statistics reports. Data were analyzed using line graphs. Results showed that money deposit banks funding of agricultural sector was the least compared to other sectors of the economy from 1984 to 2009. The banks being profit oriented do not have the capacity to fund agriculture in Nigeria due to the concessionary interest rates of the Central Bank of Nigeria. More so, portfolio prescription policy of CBN constrained the ability of money deposit banks to maximize returns on their investment in agriculture. Similarly, money deposit banks were faced by so many challenges in their course of funding agriculture. Such challenges include: financial resources, economic, human resources, environmental, and political challenges, all these act and react with one another to incapacitate money deposit banks from funding agriculture more than other sectors of the economy. Recommendations include a regulatory and legal policy reforms to empower corporate investors and other institutional investors to provide sustainable sources of long-term fund for the agriculture sector. The CBN should consider an intensive performance rating for all money deposit banks to determine their effectiveness in agricultural funding and also relevant agencies that are charged with protecting the environment from soil degradation and pollutions of varied kinds to take more proactive measures in sustaining the environment to encourage agricultural funding and food security in Nigeria.

The purpose of this research is to examine and compare the motivations and obstacles that female entrepreneurs face developed and developing countries around the world this document will compare and contrast the similarities and differences between the two countries. Female entrepreneurs may have the same motivations in developed and developing countries as well as they have same obstacles they face. The research review will also attempt to support developing counties and overcome through the obstacles they face.

The study endeavours to access the repulsive buying behaviour and the various variables impacting a kind of revolting response of the consumer towards aptly marketed product. 292 respondents were analysed from Amritsar and Ludhiana in north India, the result were drawn using structural equation modelling which manifests latent variables i.e., psychological factor, the usage of product, the lifestyle and opinion and the product. The better understanding of repulsive buying behaviour has positive contribution to the country’s economic state and also towards the quality of product and services. In the recent year’s the consumer is showing a kind of revulsion in its buying pattern. Repulsive buying behaviour in consumer is repugnance for product i.e., a strong feeling of distaste for the product. The product is repelled by the consumer if it doesn’t match the social status of the consumer, in case celebrity endorsing the product is not followed or admired by the consumer, adding to this are unresolved issues and complaints of customers which deteriorate the image of the marketer. The product are overloaded with wasteful features or are against the culture and religion of consumer or maybe are not according to the planning of consumer are not entertained by the consumer. It also proves that once customer has faced dissatisfaction by the usage of product or has no knowledge about the usage of product it turns off the consumer from the product.

Amidst the massive growth of industrialization and global exchange of goods and services and competitive business trends, a new era of business has also emerged that works towards longitivity of business and resources i.e., Sustainability. AS per Brundtland Report “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in practice has not been successful in making a mark due to gap in understanding and implementation of the CSR. Spirituality has recently been taking over as a solution to several stress issues seen in business and for overcoming increasing business problem which is observed by corporate gurus with expectations of it to be an answer to piling woes in crumbling organizations. This study aims to suggest effective model of corporate spirituality at workplace to enhance employee wellness by reducing work related problems.

United Arab Emirates has seven emirates namely Abu Dhabi (capital), Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al Quwain, Ras al Khaimah and Fujairah (Al Ain being counted within Abu Dhabi). This limited number of emirates though small in number but pose a great challenge when transportation among all the emirates is a task to be done optimally. Our study focuses on an application of Travelling salesman problem using assignment technique (operations research) which considers all the seven emirates including Al Ain as a separate emirate only for experiment reasons since the large distance between Al Ain and other emirates is not negligible. If there are n cities through which a salesman has to pass without passing any of the cities twice, there are (n-1)! ways through all the cities but there is one and only one optimum solution to it which has the minimum cost associated with it as well as the distance is the least among all the other routes. Similarly, these eight emirates give us (8-1)!=5040 ways to find the optimum route with minimum cost to travel between all emirates without visiting any emirate twice.

The study contributes in rising the tourist reality of marshes regions in the south of Iraq, for it may contribute in the process of comprehensive tourist planning and development of all aspects of life and seriously contributes in raising the inhabitants of these regions economically and support the economy of the country and develop its tourist movement. The place covered by the research is characterized by historical, natural and geographical depth because it has social and economic impacts on the population of the neighboring regions. So the marshes regions of Iraq are considered a promising tourist future for they are a diverse world of wild animals and plants. Together with the human element and other complementary ingredients, this forms the elements of the special distinctive Iraqi tourist product. And after reviving life in them, the success of the programs of raising the marshes, re-flooding 65% of the total area of the marshes, the success of the governmental efforts to get the approval of UNISCO to enlist the marshes of Iraq within the list of the world heritage as they are a heritage site mixing environment, antiquities and cultural entity. So it possible that the number of tourists willing to visit these regions will increase. From this study, it was found that the diversity of the natural ingredients of the marshes of Thigar in the south of Iraq provides a diverse tourist supply. This activates many types of tourism such as ecotourism and water tourism. The large environmental and climatic similarity among the marshes originates large flexibilities for choosing the tourist site for it is possible to establish the tourist project in any part in the marshes of Thigar with almost the same outcome of any other place.

The Small and Medium Enterprise is a natural or legal person who creates merchandise and services, registered in the register of trade or trades according to the country. Despite the importance of SMEs at the social and economic level, these companies do not receive the support that they deserve in particular concerning the financing neither from the state nor the banks. Thus, SMEs represent the majority of enterprises in Tunisia. It has an important role in the economy: it contributes to the creation of employment and the absorption of unemployment; they also support the development and creation of added value in different sectors of activity. As a result, the Tunisian government has set up various institutions to provide technical and professional assistance to SMEs, to modernize these entities for international integration, particularly in the Euro-Mediterranean context. It is in this context, our study is located to appreciate the relationship between asymmetry of information and the rationing of credits for Tunisian SMEs. Throughout this article, we will study the determinants of the rationing strategy of credit for Tunisian SMEs.

Business administration encompasses all the activities in that involves rendering of meaningful services to an expected population of a nation. Over the years, there is a rising needs of government and relevant authorities for measure of sustainable national development has been of keen interest in recent times. Numbers of step and procedures have been highness by various sectors of the economy. The business sector owning to this fact has in recent years has contributed meaningfully to any nations development in terms of effective and efficient administration. The current level of business administration contribution in any nation cannot be overemphasized due to the global needs of raising the living standard of the national of the country. Owning to this ground business administration in recent years tends to set up benchmarks for determining their contribution to sustainable national development. It is against this background that this paper positioned that there is the need to determine benchmarks in business administration for sustainable national development which are employment generation; technological innovation; improved standard of living; increase in social amenities; and reduction of inflation. The paper also exposes some phases and hindrance in benchmarks for business administration for sustainable national development. This will serve as a pivotal for business to contribute positively to sustainable national development.

This study aims to obtain empirical evidence about the effect of service quality on customer trust and loyalty as well as the influence of trust on customer loyalty of Giant in Malang. The population of this study is the Giant customers who already have a Giant shopping card and are shopping at the time being. Those are 100 respondents who are considered as the sample of this study. Data analysis used in this research is Path analysis. The results showed that service quality directly affects customers’ trust, service quality directly affects customer loyalty, and customer trust is able to mediate the influence of service quality on customer loyalty in Malang.